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  Lex Mercatoria Interpretation UN Links LM A-Z LM toc
LM 19** |
| United Nations
Convention on the Law of Treaties Signed at Vienna 23 May 1969, Entry into Force: 27 January 1980 { 1 } |
| [Preamble] |
| Part I - Introduction { 12 } |
| Article 1 - Scope of the present Convention { 13 } |
| Article 2 - Use of terms { 15 } |
| Article 3 - International agreements not within the scope of the present Convention { 27 } |
| Article 4 - Non-retroactivity of the present Convention { 32 } |
| Article 5 - Treaties constituting international organizations and treaties adopted within an international organization { 34 } |
| Part II - Conclusion and Entry into Force of Treaties { 36 } |
| Section 1. - Conclusion of Treaties { 37 } |
| Article 6 - Capacity of States to conclude treaties { 38 } |
| Article 7 - Full powers { 40 } |
| Article 8 - Subsequent confirmation of an act performed without authorization { 48 } |
| Article 9 - Adoption of the text { 50 } |
| Article 10 - Authentication of the text { 53 } |
| Article 11 - Means of expressing consent to be bound by a treaty { 57 } |
| Article 12 - Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by signature { 59 } |
| Article 13 - Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by an exchange of instruments constituting a treaty { 67 } |
| Article 14 - Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by ratification, acceptance or approval { 71 } |
| Article 15 - Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by accession { 78 } |
| Article 16 - Exchange or deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession { 83 } |
| Article 17 - Consent to be bound by part of a treaty and choice of differing provisions { 88 } |
| Article 18 - Obligation not to defeat the object and purpose of a treaty prior to its entry into force { 91 } |
| Section 2. - Reservations { 95 } |
| Article 19 - Formulation of reservations { 96 } |
| Article 20 - Acceptance of and objection to reservations { 101 } |
| Article 21 - Legal effects of reservations and of objections to reservations { 110 } |
| Article 22 - Withdrawal of reservations and of objections to reservations { 116 } |
| Article 23 - Procedure regarding reservations { 122 } |
| Section 3. - Entry Into Force and Provisional Application of Treaties { 127 } |
| Article 24 - Entry into force { 128 } |
| Article 25 - Provisional application { 133 } |
| Part III - Observance, Application and Interpretation of Treaties { 138 } |
| Section 1. - Observance of Treaties { 139 } |
| Article 26 - Pacta sunt servanda { 140 } |
| Article 27 - Internal law and observance of treaties { 142 } |
| Section 2. - Application of Treaties { 144 } |
| Article 28 - Non-retroactivity of treaties { 145 } |
| Article 29 - Territorial scope of treaties { 147 } |
| Article 30 - Application of successive treaties relating to the same subject-matter { 149 } |
| Section 3. - Interpretation of Treaties { 157 } |
| Article 31 - General rule of interpretation { 158 } |
| Article 32 - Supplementary means of interpretation { 168 } |
| Article 33 - Interpretation of treaties authenticated in two or more languages { 172 } |
| Section 4. - Treaties and Third States { 177 } |
| Article 34 - General rule regarding third States { 178 } |
| Article 35 - Treaties providing for obligations for third States { 180 } |
| Article 36 - Treaties providing for rights for third States { 182 } |
| Article 37 - Revocation or modification of obligations or rights of third States { 185 } |
| Article 38 - Rules in a treaty becoming binding on third States through international custom { 188 } |
| Part IV - Amendment and Modification of Treaties { 190 } |
| Article 39 - General rule regarding the amendment of treaties { 191 } |
| Article 40 - Amendment of multilateral treaties { 193 } |
| Article 41 - Agreements to modify multilateral treaties between certain of the parties only { 203 } |
| Part V - Invalidity, Termination and Suspension of the Operation of Treaties { 210 } |
| Section 1. - General Provisions { 211 } |
| Article 42 - Validity and continuance in force of treaties { 212 } |
| Article 43 - Obligations imposed by international law independently of a treaty { 215 } |
| Article 44 - Separability of treaty provisions { 217 } |
| Article 45 - Loss of a right to invoke a ground for invalidating, terminating, withdrawing from or suspending the operation of a treaty { 226 } |
| Section 2. - Invalidity of Treaties { 230 } |
| Article 46 - Provisions of internal law regarding competence to conclude treaties { 231 } |
| Article 47 - Specific restrictions on authority to express the consent of a State { 234 } |
| Article 48 - Error { 236 } |
| Article 49 - Fraud { 240 } |
| Article 50 - Corruption of a representative of a State { 242 } |
| Article 51 - Coercion of a representative of a State { 244 } |
| Article 52 - Coercion of a State by the threat or use of force { 246 } |
| Article 53 - Treaties conflicting with a peremptory norm of general international law (jus cogens) { 248 } |
| Section 3. - Termination and Suspension of the Operation of Treaties { 250 } |
| Article 54 - Termination of or withdrawal from a treaty under its provisions or by consent of the parties { 251 } |
| Article 55 - Reduction of the parties to a multilateral treaty below the number necessary for its entry into force { 255 } |
| Article 56 - Denunciation of or withdrawal from a treaty containing no provision regarding termination, denunciation or withdrawal { 257 } |
| Article 57 - Suspension of the operation of a treaty under its provisions or by consent of the parties { 262 } |
| Article 58 - Suspension of the operation of a multilateral treaty by agreement between certain of the parties only { 266 } |
| Article 59 - Termination or suspension of the operation of a treaty implied by conclusion of a later treaty { 273 } |
| Article 60 - Termination or suspension of the operation of a treaty as a consequence of its breach { 278 } |
| Article 61 - Supervening impossibility of performance { 291 } |
| Article 62 - Fundamental change of circumstances { 294 } |
| Article 63 - Severance of diplomatic or consular relations { 302 } |
| Article 64 - Emergence of a new peremptory norm of general international law (jus cogens) { 304 } |
| Section 4. - Procedure { 306 } |
| Article 65 - Procedure to be followed with respect to invalidity, termination, withdrawal from or suspension of the operation of a treaty { 307 } |
| Article 66 - Procedures for judicial settlement, arbitration and conciliation { 313 } |
| Article 67 - Instruments for declaring invalid, terminating, withdrawing from or suspending the operation of a treaty { 317 } |
| Article 68 - Revocation of notifications and instruments provided for in articles 65 and 67 { 320 } |
| Section 5. - Consequences of the Invalidity, Termination or Suspension of the Operation of a Treaty { 322 } |
| Article 69 - Consequences of the invalidity of a treaty { 323 } |
| Article 70 - Consequences of the termination of a treaty { 330 } |
| Article 71 - Consequences of the invalidity of a treaty which conflicts with a peremptory norm of general international law { 335 } |
| Article 72 - Consequences of the suspension of the operation of a treaty { 342 } |
| Part VI - Miscellaneous Provisions { 347 } |
| Article 73 - Cases of State succession, State responsibility and outbreak of hostilities { 348 } |
| Article 74 - Diplomatic and consular relations and the conclusion of treaties { 350 } |
| Article 75 - Case of an aggressor State { 352 } |
| Part VII - Depositaries, Notifications, Corrections and Registration { 354 } |
| Article 76 - Depositaries of treaties { 355 } |
| Article 77 - Functions of depositaries { 358 } |
| Article 78 - Notifications and communications { 369 } |
| Article 79 - Correction of errors in texts or in certified copies of treaties { 374 } |
| Article 80 - Registration and publication of treaties { 386 } |
| Part VIII - Final Provisions { 389 } |
| Article 81 - Signature { 390 } |
| Article 82 - Ratification { 392 } |
| Article 83 - Accession { 394 } |
| Article 84 - Entry into force { 396 } |
| Article 85 - Authentic texts { 399 } |
| [Post Clauses (If any: Signed; Witnessed; Done; Authentic Texts; & Deposited Clauses)] |
| ANNEX { 403 } |
| [ANNEX] |
| * Endnotes |
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